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PROBLEM solving is an important part of all engineering and scientific activities. Itis present, for instance, when experts want to develop more fuel-efficient cars orwhen they are searching for oil and gas in the subsurface. Many alternatives have to beexamined and evaluated before the optimal solution is found. Solving such problems isnot only performed inside the mind of the scientist, but it is also an interaction betweenmind and scribbles, sketches, or visualizations on papers, on blackboards, and on computers.For problem solving in expert teams, this externalization through sketches andvisualizations also plays an important communicative role.This dissertation presents research for assisting the problem-solving process on thecomputer, through novel technological advances in the fields of illustrative visualizationand sketch-based modeling. Specifically, it targets problems that are related toevolutionary processes. Firstly, inspired by storytelling, the domain experts can expresstheir ideas for solution as stories. These stories are based on sketches that theexperts draw, utilizing a novel temporal-sketching interface inspired by a flip-over canvasmetaphor. Further, the dissertation describes a set of sketching proxy geometries,such as the box-proxy geometry, that the experts can take advantage of when drawingthree-dimensional (3D) sketches. These proxy geometries support the task of mappinga two-dimensional input (2D), e.g., a mouse or a digitizer tablet, to a 3D sketch. Solvingdifficult problems require that many different solutions are evaluated to identify themost optimal one. This dissertation introduces the story-tree, a tree-graph data structureand visualization, which manages and provides access to an ensemble of alternativestories. The story-tree also provides an interface where the stories can be evaluated andcompared. This playback of the stories is done through automatic animations of the2D sketches. The third challenge addressed in this dissertation is to communicate theoptimal solution to decision-makers and laymen. By combining the animated 2D storysketches with illustrative visualization techniques it is possible to automatically synthesizeand animate 3D models. These animations can be combined with new cutawayvisualization techniques to reveal features hidden inside such 3D models.All of these contributions have been investigated in the context of the problemsolvingtasks relevant to the early phase of petroleum exploration. This phase is characterizedby having very little ground-through data available. Thus, a large solutionspace needs to be explored. Even so, the geologists need to produce models that canpredict if petroleum is present. In addition to working with few data, the geologists alsowork under heavy time constraints because of the competition between the oil companiesexploring the same area. The contributions from this dissertation have createdenthusiasm among the domain experts and already, a new research initiative has materialized from the work described in this dissertation. Based on the feedback from thedomain experts, we can conclude that the contributions presented in this dissertationform a valuable step towards better tools for problem solving, involving the computer,for the domain investigated here.</p

Sketch-based Storytelling for Cognitive Problem Solving: Externalization, Evaluation, and Communication in Geology