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Environmentalists habitually bring their federal claims to federal court. Only a handful of citizen suits under national environmental statutes have surfaced in the state courts. This pattern may reflect environmental lawyers' greater familiarity with federal procedure, their fear of state court bias, or their greater confidence in the quality of federal adjudication. Perhaps it reflects a mistaken belief that state courts generally lack concurrent jurisdiction over federal environmental claims. The task I shoulder here is not to plumb the origins of this pattern, but to predict and defend a change-a new role for state courts in adjudicating claims under federal environmental law. It is my contention that state courts can, will, and should adjudicate the federal environmental claims of parties who lack Article Ili standing (non-Article III plaintiffs). My prediction emerges from no insider knowledge of environmentalists' litigation strategy. Rather, it takes root in the principle that, in law as in markets and ecosystems, unexploited niches come to be filled. This Note reveals an open niche.' Three jurisprudential developments that came to a head in the last decade make state courts increasingly attractive fora for the private enforcement of federal

State Courts, Citizen Suits, and the Enforcement of Federal Environmental Law by Non-Article III Plaintiffs