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For more than four hundred years, nations have conducted naval blockades to deny enemy warships access to the open ocean and to thwart all trade between their enemies and other states. By curtailing their enemies' trade, blockading nations also harm the interests of neutral states. Blockades cause neutral states to lose revenue as their trade with blockaded trading partners is stopped. Blockades also make trade with other neutral states more costly by forcing neutral ships to travel long distances around blockades or to submit to time-consuming searches of their ship and cargo. The damaging effects of blockades often lead neutral states to enter conflicts to protect their interests. The law of blockade seeks to minimize this conflict by balancing the competing interests of neutral and blockading states.1 As customary law, traditional, pre-World War I (WWI), blockade law developed out of the tension between a blockading state's assertion of a practice and a neutral state's acceptance or rejection of that practice. In time, five principles emerged that both regulated the establishment and enforcement of blockade and created reciprocal neutral and belligerent rights during blockade.2 As the powerful maritime nations further experienced blockade, not only as blockading states, but also as neutrals, they came to recognize the value of the traditional principles in balancing these competing interests. Eventually, these

The International Law of Blockade: New Guiding Principles in Contemporary State Practice