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The world war has had a most wholesome effect upon commercial legislation in all parts of the world. It has focussed the eyes of statesmen, business men, and observant people generally upon the importance of fair play in commerce and trade. It has aroused the public conscience to the evil excrescences of modern business and has put people on their guard against the devious unfair methods of competition practiced in their midst. More than that, for the first time in the history of modern commerce earnest and practical efforts are being made to improve and elevate the rules and standards that govern world trade. The movement is national as well as international in its scope. What are its main underlying causes? Rapid expansion of business enterprise, and the need felt by enlightened and progressive nations generally to safeguard their commercial life against the evils which so frequently accompany sharp trade rivalry, may account to a large extent for the growing attention given by foreign parliaments to this kind of commercial legislation. Apparently the apprehension of keener competitive conditions after the war, and the clamor on the part of domestic business interests for effective protection at home against possible unfair competition by foreign rivals, have also hastened legislative action. A third explanation is found in the world-wide efforts to check the power of private monopolistic enterprise by cutting off the roots which so frequently nourish and sustain monopoly. This latter consideration was responsible primarily for the enactment of anti-unfair competition clauses in connection with recent anti-trust laws, and for the creation of special commissions or boards empowered to enforce them. The Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act in this country in I9I4 became the forerunners of similar legislation in several foreign countries, notably Canada. The Canadian parliament on July 7, igig, passed two laws, the Combines and Fair Prices Act and the Board of Commerce Act, which in part follow very closely the wording of our own Federal Trade Commission Act. Among other duties, the Canadian Board of Commerce is empowered to restrain and prohibit the formation and the activities of combines which prevent or lessen competition in production, manufacture, purchase, barter, sale, transportation, insurance, or supply. The Board

New Phases of Unfair Competition and Measures for Its Suppression. National and International