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In so far as the Territory of Hawaii is concerned, the Judicial Code of the United States, which went into effect on January ist, 1912, is of comparatively trifling importance. The greatest changes in procedure made by the Act were consequent upon the abolishment of Circuit Courts and the transfer of the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts to the District Courts. The District Court of the Territory of Hawaii is a Court with the combined jurisdiction of the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, as they existed at the time of the adoption of the Organic Act. It will thus be seen that Congress, perhaps un, wittingly, has adopted for use throughout the United States the same plan relative to the Courts as it adopted when the Hawaiian Court was established. As I have said, the most material change effected by the Judicial Code is the abolishment of Circuit Courts. To grasp fully the results of the change, and to understand the reasons which prompted Congress to make it, a brief study of the entire judicial system of the United States from the time of its organization is useful and instructive as well as interesting. The Constitution vests the judicial power of the United States in a Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. On the first day of the opening of the first Congress of the United States a bill was introduced in Congress which became a law in September, 1789. It organized and defined the juriidiction of the Supreme Court, and likewise established District Courts, one for each State of the Union. As the Supreme Court of the United States consisted of the chief justice and five associate justices, and there was one judge for each of the districts, there were in all nineteen judges provided for. The bill then grouped the districts into three circuits, and established in each circuit, Circuit Courts, with juris-

The Judicial Code of United States with Some Incidental Observations on Its Application to Hawaii