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Estimates of the energy costs of resting, activity, and productive processes from the literature were applied to caribou activity budgets and movements documented during 1978-80 to estimate seasonal and annual energy requirements of adult female caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Denali National Park and Preserve. Energy requirements were 45% lower in winter than summer, primarily because of a 21% reduction in resting metabolic rate and benefits of fat catabolism in winter, and high summer costs of lactation, fat deposition, and activity. Estimated energy requirements totaled 38.2 MJ . day-' during the insect season, 36.7 during summer migration, 34.2 during fall migration, 31.9 during prerut and rut, 29.3 during calving and postcalving, 23.7 during early and late winter migrations, 21.6 during early winter, 20.9 during late winter, and 20.5 during midwinter. Annual energy requirements, including costs of pregnancy (368.6 MJ) and lactation (560.3), totaled 9,870 MJ, excluding costs of cratering through snow and apparently minor costs of physiological stress. Compared to studies of food energy requirements of penned caribou, the model gives accurate predictions of total metabolizable energy requirements when allowances are made for the relative inactivity of penned animals. Modeling the energy requirements of an ungulate population is a prerequisite to estimating nutritional carrying capacities (Moen 1973, Robbins 1973, Wallmo et al. 1977, Mautz 1978). Measurements of the energy requirements of Rangifer have received emphasis in several studies (Makarova and Segal 1958, Hammel et al. 1961, Segal 1962, McEwan 1970, Luick et al. 1974, Young and McEwan 1975, White and Yousef 1978), but these measurements have not previously been used to model seasonal energy requirements of a caribou/ reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) population. Author is game research biologist, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701. At the time of the research, author was graduate student, Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Financial and logistical support was provided by the U.S. National Park Service (contract CX-9000-7-E080). Manuscript accepted May 28, 1985. Thomson (1977) attempted to model the year-round energy expenditure of wild reindeer in Norway using estimates of energy expenditure from the literature. However, Thomson's applications of energy costs differed in several ways from those presented here, making comparisons difficult. The most significant deviations included Thomson's exclusion of estimates for the calorigenic effect of food and his extremely high estimate for the energy cost of trotting. Gaare et al. (1975) also estimated seasonal energy requirements of wild reindeer in Norway. However, their estimates are about 45% of those reported here. Since they did not present energy-cost estimates of the various activities, it is impossible to account for the difference. White et al. (1975) estimated the summer energy requirements for caribou activity as simply 2 X basal metabolic rate (BMR). However, they used a winter-BMR value, so their summer energy estimates are substantially lower than presented here. I studied the Denali (formerly McKinley) caribou herd in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska during 1978-80. A model of the nutritional ecology of the herd was developed to assess the energetic/ nutritional status of this extremely reduced population (Boertje 1981). This paper demonstrates the applicability of measurements of energy costs by modeling metabolizable energy requirements of adult female caribou in the Denali herd.

An Energy Model for Adult Female Caribou of the Denali Herd, Alaska