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The Wilderness Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-577) established a system of wilderness areas to be managed in such a way that “natural conditions” are preserved. The acreage that has been designated as wilderness has increased greatly since 1964 to its present size of almost 90 millions acres. Although more than one-half of this acreage is in Alaska, about 1.7% of the conterminous United States is wilderness and the system is still expanding. Legislation clearly permits a number of uses that conflict with the strict nature preservation goals of wilderness. Recreational use, perhaps the most generally accepted use of wilderness, inevitably disturbs, vegetation, soil, wildlife, and water. Although much of this disturbance is caused by the trampling of human feet, recreational pack and saddle stock are generally more disruptive and cause certain unique types of disturbance. Relatively little is known about the nature and severity of impacts caused by recreational stock or about effective means of managing such impacts short of drastically restricting use. Another controversial use of wilderness is grazing of domestic livestock. Legislation is explicit about such use. Where livestock grazing occurred prior to an area’s designation as wilderness, the Wilderness Act states that it “shall be permitted to continue subject to such reasonable regulations as are deemed necessary by the Secretary of Agriculture. “Confusion over the definition of "reasonable regulations” led Congress to develop guidelines for grazing that were included in the Colorado Wilderness Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-560) and subsequent bills establishing Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management wilderness. The critical paragraph states: There will be no curtailments of grazing in wilderness areas simply because an area is, or has been designated as wilderness, nor should wilderness designations be used as an excuse by administrators to slowly “phase out” grazing. Any adjustments in the numbers of livestock permitted to graze in wilderness areas should be made as a result of revisions in the normal grazing and land management planning and policy setting process, giving consideration to legal mandates, range condition, and the protection of the range resource from deterioration.

Viewpoint: Needed Research on Domestic and Recreational Livestock in Wilderness