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Improved pastures are a valuable forage resource in the Central Great Plains, but ranchers need to know which seeding techniques provide the best chance of successful establishment of such pastures. We compared late fall vs. spring seedings of 5 grasses and 2 legumes in barley stubble or fallow. Four directions of stubble rows were compared for snow catchment and effect on forage establishment. Stubble rows in any direction had little effect on snow catch or establishment, and there was little ditference between stubble and fallow. Spring seeding gave better stands than fall seeding in the kind of weather most often encountered in the Central Great Plains. Days from seeding to emergence were controlled by soil temperature and timing and amount of precipitation. Stands were negatively correlated with the time required for emergence. Seeded stands of introduced or improved grasses and legumes are valuable for pasture and hay in the Central Great Plains, but lack of precipitation and low spring and fall temperatures often prevent establishment of satisfactory stands. Fall seedings into dry soil have been recommended (Gomm 1974, Lang et al. 1975, Seamands 1976, USDA-SCS 1968); seed is then in place to take advantage of the first favorable germinating conditions in the spring. Warm-season grasses usually establish better when seeded in spring (Lang et al. 1975). Mulches and standing stubble, which catch snow for additional soil water and reduce variations in soil temperatures (Greb 1980, Aase and Siddoway 1980, Schuman et al. 1980), have been used in attempts to improve establishment. Stubble persists longer and is cheaper than straw mulch, and retains slightly more snow (Schuman et al. 1980). In this study we compared the effects of stubble vs. fallow and late fall vs. spring seedings on the establishment of 5 grasses and 2 legumes. Barley rows were planted in 4 directions to evaluate the consequences of orientation of stubble on the effectiveness of stubble mulch. Materials and Methods The study was done on Wheatridge loam, a fine-loamy mixed mesic Aridic Argiustoll. Barley (Hordeurn vulgure L.) was drilled inrows20cmapartat 22 kgseed/haon 13 June 1977,29 May 1978, and 22 May 1979, in plots 12 X 15 m. Each of 4 replications included 4 plots of barley, with rows oriented north to south (N-S), northeast to southwest (NE-SW), east to west (E-W), or southeast to northwest (SE-NW), and 1 fallow plot. At the milk to soft dough stage, the barley was cut to a 15-cm stubble and the cut material removed. The amount of stubble remaining was not measured, but barley stands were excellent every year. In early winter of each year that barley was seeded, and in the following spring (see Table 1 for planting dates), desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch.] Schult. cv. ‘Nordan’), western wheatgrass (A. smithii Rydb. cv. ‘Rosana’), Russian wildrye (Psathyrostuchys junceu [Fisch] Nevski cv. ‘Vinall’), blue grama (Bourelouu grucilis [H.B.K.] Lag. ex Griffiths cv. ‘KS 14831, sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptundrus [Torr.] Gray), cicer milkvetch (Astrugulus cicer L. cv. ‘Monarch’), and alfalfa (Medicugo sutivu L. cv. ‘Baker’) each were drilled in a single row perpendicular to the stubble rows in each stubble plot and east to west in each fallow plot. Rows were 7 m long and 0.5 m apart, in the center of the barley or fallow plot. Seeding rate was 37 pure live seeds, as determined in greenhouse emergence test, per meter of row. Planting depths were 2 cm for blue grama, 4 cm for cicer milkvetch, and 3 cm for the other 5 species. Table 1. Stands of forages (mean of seven species) seeded at High Pialns Grasslands Research Station, Cheyenne, Wyoming, in fallow or barely stubble with four row orientations.

Forage Establishment: Weather Effects on Stubble vs. Fallow and Fall vs. Spring Seeding