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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine if the inoculation of native shrubs with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi would provide plants better adapted for a minimaltreatment revegetation program for processed oil shale and disturbed native soil. Seedlings of fourwing saltbush (4 tripkx curiescens(Pursh.) Nutt.), big sagebrush (Artemisia trident& Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britton var. nuuseosus], and greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. var. vermiculatus} were inoculated with Glomusfasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe, and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were transplanted into Paraho processed oil shale and disturbed native soil in a containerized system. Plants inoculated with VAM fungi had greater shoot biomass and phosphorus(P) contents than noninoculated plants in both media. Inoculation with VAM fungi had a variable effect on the nitrogen(N) contents of plants in both media. When fertilized with 34 kg/ha N and P, inoculated plants were more effective in taking up applied P than noninoculated plants. Mycorrhizal infection levels were greatly reduced when inoculated plants were grown in processed shale. After mining, crushing, and retorting at 500 C, processed oil shale is a highly saline, highly alkaline, biologically sterile, nutrient deficient material with no structure(McKel1 1976). When untreated, processed shale is a poor plant growth medium (Schmehl and McCashn 1973). With intensive treatment (leaching salts with large amounts of water, fertilization, topsoiling, mulching, and periodic supplemental irrigation), a variety of plant species can be established directly on processed shale (Block and Kilburn 1973, Harbert and Berg 1974). However, the cost of such treatments would be high considering the large deposits of processed shale expected from commercial oil shale production. A rehabilitation strategy for processed shale disposal piles and disturbed soils should make logical, effective use of the limited natural resources available for rehabilitation in arid regions (McKell 1976). Such a strategy must work within the environmental constraints of the affected ecosystems, and could be more cost effective than those strategies that recommended extensive modification of the spent shale. Indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi could be integrated into this rehabilitation strategy. Endomycorrhizal fungi are beneficial fungi that form symbiotic associations (endomycorrhizae) with the roots of higher plants. One group of endomycorrhizae, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), are found on the majority of plant species in semiarid oil shale regions (Call and McKell 1982, Reeves et al. 1979). Vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae enhance plant absorption of phosphorus and other elements, enhance water uptake and transport in plants, and allow plants to withstand high temperatures (Gerdemann Authors are assistant professor, Range Science Department. Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and vice president for research, Native Plants Inc.. Salt Lake City. Utah 84108. At the time of the research, the authors were, respectively, research assistant and director, institute for Land Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan. Research was funded in part by a grant from the White River Shale Project, Vernal,

Endomycorrhizae Enhance Growth of Shrub Species in Processed Oil Shale and Disturbed Native Soil