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Influences of livestock grazing on community structure, fire Cholewa (1977) and Froeming (1974) discussed the importance intensity, and normal fire frequency in the Douglas-fir/ninehark of the Douglas-fir/ ninebark habitat type. These communities sup(Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus) habitat type port vegetation which provides adequate summer forage for livewere studied at the University of Idaho’s experimental forest in stock, summer and winter browse, and both visual and thermal northern Idaho. Livestock grazing caused increased tree numbers, cover for big game. Characteristically, this vegetation is dry in late decreased production, cover, and frequency of major palatable summer, creating a fuel layer of high continuity and flammability. grasses, and altered dominance of shrub and forb species. Grazing If an adequate supply of dry fuel particles in l-centimeter and influences on community structure were increased accumulation of smaller size classes is available, fire can be ignited easily and spread downed woody fuel in every size class, increased forest floor duff, rapidly (Dodge 1972). Livestock grazing has eased fire ignition and and decreased herbaceous fuels. Livestock grazing influences were spread by removing herbaceous undergrowth and reducing the discussed in light of their significance in potential fire intensity and number of fuel particles and by hastening decay of litter through fire frequency in Douglas-fir forest communities. trampling (Hatton 1920). Historically, fire exerted a strong influence on the ecology of western forest communities, and the history has been widely studied. Arno (1976) reported the significance of fire in forest development. However, little information was available on the frequency and intensity of fires in the Douglas-fir/ ninebark (Pseudotsuga menziesiil Physocarpus malvaceusy habitat type. Wellner (1970) reported that these forests experienced fires that caused slight to extreme damage. Arno (1976) stated that fires in Douglasfir forests of western Montana were frequent prior to 1900 (mean fire-free periods ranged from 7 to 19 years), and fire damage was usually not extreme. Fire was a major force in stand development, but during the last 50 years, its role has been reduced to one of minor significance because of effective fire suppression and logging activities. This study was designed to determine influences of livestock use in the Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type of northern Idaho. Specifically, the goal was to determine changes in community structure, composition, and distribution of fuel caused by livestock grazing, and to assess the extent to which these changes modify fire frequency and intensity.

Livestock Grazing Influences on Community Structure, Fire Intensity, and Fire Frequency within the Douglas-Fir/Ninebark Habitat Type