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Five foliar constituents were measured seasonally from the three subspecies of big sagebrush in Montana. Monoterpene, crude terpenoid, and crude fat levels were lowest in the spring, increased through the summer with maximum quantities at flowering or in the fall and winter months thereafter. Crude protein and total nonstructural carbohydrates were at highest concentrations in the spring, decreased in the summer, and rose again in the fall. Sagebrush foliage consists of an extemal and internal component. The external material is glandular secondary metabolic products, primarily terpenoids, and cuticular waxes. The internal constituents are cell-wall polymers, protein, nonstructural carbohydrates, and lipids. A 5-minute chloroform extraction of fresh whole leaves removed the external material (crude terpenoids) with minimal affect on the internal components. Steam distillation extracted the epidermal terpenoids and the internal nonstructural carbohydrates leaving the cuticular waxes and protein in the dry matter residue. Plants are capable of biosynthesizing a tremendous number of chemicals that have potential uses as food, fiber, fuels, and chemicals (Buchanan et al. 1978 a,b). Many of these resources, however, have been unutilized because of high costs, inadequate technology and limited knowledge of chemical composition. The rising cost of fossil fuels, particularly oil, has stimulated an interest in the chemicals and biomaterials that can be derived from plants. In the United States and Mexico research is being directed toward both native and introduced species that have evolved and adapted to the harsh semiarid and arid environments (Campos-Lopez and RomanAlemany 1980, Johnson and Hinman 1980), where inadequate water supplies have limited agricultural development. On these drier sites, new crops could be established without affecting current food and fiber production. Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is an abundant shrub on semiarid rangelands with considerable economic and biological impact (Gifford et al. 1979). Its distribution and population densities have increased during the last century due to overgrazing of the associated grasses, fire control, and the shrubs' inherent resistance to herbivores (Morris et al. 1976, Young etal. 1979). Improvement of sagebrush-grasslands for livestock production is a desirable management practice and requires the eradication of sagebrush. This can be accomplished by a variety of techniques with variable costs and returns (Nielsen 1979). Harvesting the shrubs for their biomaterials might be a feasible alternative to destroying them and could provide some management flexibility for sagebrush-

The Chemical Constituents of Sagebrush Foliage and Their Isolation