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Esophageal fistulation, stomach content analysis, fecal analysis,and ocular-estimate-by-plot are four of the most publicized methodsof determining the diets of large herbivores. The principal objectiveof this study was to compare the relative values of each of thesemethods based upon information collected from bi-fistulated (esophagealand rumen) sheep selecting their own forage from a tall-forbcommunity in early summer and late summer, and from confinedsheep fed a hand-mixed diet of known composition.Microscope slide mounts were made of plant fragments collectedfrom the esophagus, rumen, and feces of sheep grazing abeauty cinquefoil /velvet lupine Kentucky bluegrass /timothy communityin northeastern Oregon. Ocular estimates of forage utilizationwere made concurrently. Data were converted to percentcomposition on a dry weight basis for comparisons. Significant differences(p < .05) in percent diet composition among methodsoccurred for 18 of the 31 plant species consumed in the early summer trial, and for 17 of the 31 plant species consumed in the late summertrial.Diets as determined by the ocular-estimate-by-plot methodwere generally lower in graminoids and higher in forbs than those asdetermined by other methods. The esophageal fistula method yieldeddiets that were lower in graminoids and higher in forbs than diets asdetermined by stomach content analysis and fecal analysis. Diets asdetermined by fecal analysis were higher in graminoids and lower inforbs than diets as determined by other methods.In the second study phase, ten confined bi-fistulated sheep wereseparately fed a dry, ground, hand-composited mixture of orchardgrass,fawn fescue, alfalfa, and ladino clover. The botanical compositionof this mixture was determined by microscopic examination ofplant fragments and compared to the botanical composition of diets asdetermined by microscopic examination of esophageal, rumen, andfecal samples.The composition of each of the species contained in esophagealsamples was similar to that of the actual diet. Rumen samples weresimilar to the actual diet only in their composition of orchardgrass,and contained significantly higher (p < .05) amounts of total grassesand significantly lower (p < .05) amounts of total forbs than the actualdiet and esophageal samples. Fecal samples were significantly higher(p < .05) in their composition of grasses and significantly lower (p < .05) in their composition of forbs than the actual diet andsamples collected from the esophagus or rumen.

A Comparison of Four Methods Used to Determine the Diets of Large Herbivores