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The relationships of the principal destructive and potentially destructive insects associated with Xanthocephalum microcephalum (DC) Shinners (threadleaf snakeweed) and Xanthocephalum sarothrae (Pursh) Shinners (broom snakeweed) have been identified and depicted with a dioristic model. Every region of the host plant is utilized by insects in one or more of the following feeding categories: defoliators, fluid feeders, borers, and gall-formers. Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit each have their own complement of insect associates. A system analysis reveals a complex picture of insect-host plant interactions as well as potential insectinsect interactions. The roles that these insects play in the natural biological control of threadleaf and broom snakeweed are poorly understood but the general information portrayed in the model of their interactions will help future workers to determine the most productive avenues of research. control efforts has been to introduce natural exotic enemies to control alien weed species. Special considerations are necessary when introducing foreign species to control native weeds (DeLoach 1978). Alternative approaches to the control of native weeds are augmentation and conservation of naturally occurring enemies and the manipulation of the environment to enhance the effects of the controlling agent(s) (DeLoach 1978). An initial effort to identify the naturally occurring insects on threadleaf and broom snakeweed revealed 300-t species associated with them (Foster et al. 1981). The next phase in our understanding of the potential of any one or more of these species to suppress the plant is to more clearly define the roles of the most numerous and conspicuous insects associated with the shrub. The purpose ofthis paper is to (1) identify the destructive and potentially destructive insects of snakeweed, (2) clarify their relationships to the host plant and to the Snakeweed species, Xanthocephalum microcephalum (DC) other insect associates, and (3) formulate a model to depict the Shinners (threadleaf snakeweed) and XanthoceDhalum sarothrae insect-insect and insect-host plant interactions. (Pursh) Skinners (broom snake&d), although’native to much of western North America (Correll and Johnston 1970) are considered noxious weeds in many areas. After the drought in the United States during the 1950’s, large areas of rangeland in the western half of Texas became heavily infested by these two species

journal of range management

Destructive and Potentially Destructive Insects of Snakeweed in Western Texas and Eastern New Mexico and a Dioristic Model of Their Biotic Interactions