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Fluoride concentrations in water from selected thermal springs and in plants were determined to evaluate their role as sources of Ffor grazing animals in Nevada. The F- concentration in water varied with thermal spring sources and ranged from about 2 to 17 ppm. Fe concentration in plants ranged from about 0.1 to over 220 ppm, depending upon species of plants and the soil on which the plants were grown. The Fe concentration in plants from any given thermal spring location was not uniformly high, but together with F- concentration of the water, appears to contribute to possible cases of tluorosis in cattle. Although small area-wise the spring waters and the area they flow over are important to grazing animals, because they provide drinking water and have lush forage. It is well known that excess fluoride (F) causes fluorosis in grazing animals and reduced fruit production (NAS 1971). Most of the known problem areas are downwind of smelter plants and steel mills. The severity of symptoms in grazing animals with increasing F- levels in feed has been outlined (NAS 1971). A level of 50 ppm or more of Fe in feed plants has been recognized to cause fluorosis in grazing animals (NAS 1971). Fluorosis in animalsgrazed in naturally occurring areas is less well defined, although thermal springs, volcanic emanations, and volcanic ash are natural sources of F(Goldschmidt 1954). We undertook a study in Nevada, where as many as 300 thermal springs occur (Garside 1974), toestablish how F- in the water affects F- concentration in plants grown on soils drained by the water, and how F^ from both sources contributes to F- intake of the animal eating the plants. We present the results of our study.

Fluoride in Thermal Spring Water and in Plants of Nevada and Its Relationship to Fluorosis in Animals