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Perennial grasses are difficult to establish from seed in the Southern Great Plains. The conventional planting practice is to plant grass seeds 1 to 2 cm deep in the soil; but that soil layer often dries quickly, thus preventing plant establishment. I investigated punch planting, which may avoid the problem of soil drying around grass seeds. Punch planting is defined as the placement of seeds in open, small-diameter holes, punched in the soil to a much greater depth than conventional planting. Under drying conditions, punch planting produced satisfactory stands for 5 grasses, but conventional planting produced failures. Where the soil was kept wet, both methods produced satisfactory grass stands. Optimum depth of punch planting was related to seed size and seedling vigor. Small-diameter holes (0.6 cm) produced best plant emergence, because soil at the bottom of these holes dried slower than at the bottom of large holes. Punch planting may offer a solution to the problem of seeding failures. Native grasses, legumes, and other forage plants are often difficult to establish in both pasture and range conditions. Seeding failures are costly because seedbed preparation, seed, and seeding costs are lost, and production is lost from the land for one ormore years. A 3-year study of grass seeding in the Great Plains (Great Plains Council 1966) showed that seeding failures were most common in the Southern Great Plains, and that more than 50% failures occurred even in humid areas. Weather conditions often determined the degree of success or failure, and fallowed seedbeds or planting in crop stubble improved the chances forsuccessful establishment. However, even the best treatments produced numerous failures. Germination and establishment of grasses or legumes require that several factors or conditions be within some adequate range in the seed zone. Soil and air temperatures and soil water content are among the most critical conditions. Temperature can be controlled partially by selecting planting date wisely. However, soil water is often a serious limiting factor in the Southern Plains because the top 2 cm of soil, where grass seeds are planted, dries very quickly. Dowling and Smith (1976) reported that plant establishment for two Australian pasture grasses and two legurhes was linearly related to available soil water during the first 6 weeks after sowing seeds on the soil surface. Army and Hudspeth (1960) found that, in summer on the Texas High Plains, the top 1.3 cm of Pullman silty clay loam soil dried from field capacity to wilting point within I day. Wiegand (1962) showed that during summer the top 2 crn of a sandy clay loam dried from field capacity to wilting point within 2 days in the Lower Rio Grande valley of Texas. Reginato (1975) reported that the top I cm of a loam soils at Phoenix, Arizona, dried from near field capacity to the wilting point within 4 hours in

Punch Planting to Establish Grass