English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Open

Mule deer and livestock forage supplies were increased by seeding 11 species of grasses, forbs, and shrubs within chained and nonchained western juniper thermal cover stands in south-central Oregon. Standard crested wheatgrass and Siberian wheatgrass were the only species that established in significant amounts. Wheatgrass densities were greater in chain-drill treatments than in drill-only treatments. Among all experimental units, differences in emergence and establishment (plants/m*) were greater than were differences in seeding rates (viable seeds/m*). Standard crested wheatgrass density exceeded that of Siberian wheatgrass over both treatments and six pretreatment vegetation subtypes. Emergence of seedlings and establishment of wheatgrass were all significantly related to subtype. The chain-drill treatment produced more spring forage than did the drill-only treatment. Neither treatment provided more winter forage. Decadence of forage plants in western juniper (Juniperus occidentolis)l stands prompted range and wildlife managers to initiate cooperative range rehabilitation programs in the arid northwest around 1960. Specific projects were designed to improve forage supplies for livestock and mule deer and yet maintain some cover on winter range by selective control of undesirable trees and shrubs followed by seeding of forage grasses, forbs, and browse. About 19,400 ha of western juniper were mechanically manipulated in central Oregon between 1964 and 1977 (Winegar and Elmore 1978). Of this amount, chaining was the method used to simultaneously uproot junipers and shrubs and prepare a seedbed in which forage species were planted on about 3100 ha. Objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to document seedling emergence and plant establishment over time, (2) describe responses to chaining and drilling with drilling only treatments, (3) document which forage species survived, and (4) to determine if emergence and establishment varied among pretreatment plant communities. Study Area The study was located in south-central Oregon near the northwestern corner of Lake County. It encompassed the Ward Lake grazing allotment, a 5033-ha portion of the Fork Rock deer herd winter range, about 6.4 km west of the town of Silver Lake. The area averaged about 1554 m in elevation along its broad western edge and about 1372 m in elevation along the southern edge. Authors are respectively. biologist, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Research and Development Station. La Gmnde, and graduate research assistant. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Cowallis. The research was financed bv Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration funds under Oregon Project W-70-R. The authors thank the followina aersonnel for their oart in the research: from the Oregon Department of Fish and %ldlife. A. Adams, LI Bright: B. Ferry, F. Grogan, N. Hartmann. M. Langdon, W. Lightfoot, V. Masson, L. Mathlsen, M. Montgomery, A. Polenz. R. Roberts, D. Sanford, H. Winegar: from the Bureau of Land Management, E. Depaoli, L. Doughty, D. Getty, D. Gipe. M. LeNoue, D. Euman; and from Oregon State University, W.H.C. Schallig and W. Pyott. Manuscript received October 13, 1980. ‘Plant names follow Garrison et al. (1976). 98 Shallow (38 cm) clayey loams covered wide basaltic benches. Deep (9 1 cm) profiles high in pumice sand occurred under rims and formed toeslopes of northeast aspect. Plant nutrients, especially nitrogen, were low in all soils tested. The climate was cool and dry with prevailing southwest winds. We recorded 28 to 38 cm of precipitation each year, 80% of which fell as snow between November and April. Seasonal temperatures ranged from -280 C in winter to 399 C in summer and dipped below OOC several times between April and September each year. Juniper communities formed thermal cover (tree canopyl25%) and cover-forage (tree canopy 5-25%) habitat components from mule deer and were interspersed with shrubland and grassland forage areas (tree canopy<5%) (Leckenby 1977, 1978). As recommended by Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974) the term plant community refers to the sample stand as found in the field and vegetation type and subtype refer to an abstraction of sample stands derived by classification analyses. Clary et al. (1974) used subtype in similar context for Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) and alligator juniper (Y. deppeana) in Arizona. Thermal cover was dominated by young (average age = 47 yr) juniper trees whereas older junipers PlOO yr) occurred as individuals and groves within the woodland (Adams 1975). Tree canopy varied between 10% and 45% among pretreatment communities and was provided by juniper densities of 54 to 282 trees per ha. Shrub understories commonly included mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana), low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), lanceleaf green rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus vicidtj7oru.s subsp. lanceolatus), Truckee green rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus vicidtjlorus subsp. humilis), and gray rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus). Grasses and grass-like plants included bearded bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum), bluestem wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii). Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), Thurber needlegrass (Stipa thurberiana), western needlegrass (Stipa occidentalis), needle and thread (Stipa comata), prairie junegrass (Koeleria cristata), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa sandbergii), Cusick bluegrass (Poa cusickii), bottlebrush squirreltail (Situnion hystrix), cheatgrass brome (Bromus tectorum), Douglas sedge (Carex douglasii), Ross sedge (Carex rossii), and baltic rush (Juncus balticus). Common forbs were low pussytoes (Antennaria dimorphu), little flower collinsia (Collinsiaparvtji’ora). yellow fleabane (Erigeron chrysopsidis), broom buckwheat (Eriogonum vimineum), little buckwheat (Eriogonum strictum), western hawksbeard (Crepis occidentalis), pale agoseris (Agoseris glauca), curvepod loco (Astragalus curvicarpus), Pursh loco (Astragaluspurshii), gilia (Giliasinuata), common starlily (Leucocrinum montanum), bitterroot lewisia (Lewisia redivia), foothill death camas (Zigadenus paniculatus), and microsteris (Microsteris gracihs).

Response of Forage Species Seeded for Mule Deer in Western Juniper Types of South-Central Oregon