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Soil ingestion was determined for cattle grazing a Bromus tectorum range in southern Idaho by measuring titanium concentrations in animal feces collected at 2-week intervals during the droughty 1973 grazing season. The experiment was based on the premise that titanium, which is abundant in soils, is contained only in small quantities (less than 1 ppm) in plants not contaminated with soil.  Fecal-soil values averaged 14%, with values ranging from 3 to 30% of fecal dry matter, increasing as forage availability decreased. Soil ingestion levels were estimated to range from 0.1 to 1.5 kg with a median of 0.5 kg soil/animal-day. This soil was ingested primarily with the roots of Bromus tectorum, which were often pulled up and consumed with the aboveground plant parts. Dust on leaves and stems accounted for only a small portion of the ingested soil.  Measurements of acid-insoluble residue concentration in feces overestimated soil ingestion because of the probable presence of SiO? of plant origin. Large changes in forage SiO? concentrations of the diet reduce the effectiveness of this method compared to the Ti method.  Ingested soil may be a possible source of trace minerals, pesticides, heavy metals, and radionucleides that may be sorbed to surface soil particles.

Soil Ingestion by Cattle on Semiarid Range as Reflected by Titanium Analysis of Feces