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This investigation examines tubulin labeling associated with the apical ganglion in a variety of planktotrophic and lecithotrophic opisthobranch larvae. Emphasis is on the ampullary neurons, in which ciliary bundles within the ampulla are strongly labeled. The larvae of all but one species have five ampullary neurons and their associated ciliary bundles. The anaspid Phyllaplysia taylori, a species with direct development and an encapsulated veliger stage, has only four ampullary neurons. The cilia-containing ampulla extends to the pretrochal surface via a long, narrow canal that opens to the external environment through a very small pore (0.1 microm diameter). Cilia within the canal were never observed to project beyond the opening of the apical pore. The ampullary canals extend toward and are grouped with the ciliary tuft cells and remain in this location as planktotrophic larvae feed and grow. If, as has been reported, the ciliary tuft is motile, the pores may be continually bathed in fresh seawater. Such an arrangement would increase sensitivity to environmental chemical stimuli if the suggested chemosensory function of these neurons is correct. In general, ciliary bundles of newly hatched veligers are smaller in planktotrophic larvae than in lecithotrophic larvae. In planktotrophic larvae of Melibe leonina, the ciliary bundles increase in length and width as the veligers feed and grow. This may be related to an increase in sensitivity for whatever sensory function these neurons fulfill. An unexpected tubulin-labeled structure, tentatively called the apical nerve, was also found to be associated with the apical ganglion. This putative nerve extends from the region of the visceral organs to a position either within or adjacent to the apical ganglion. One function of the apical nerve might be to convey the stimulus resulting from metamorphic induction to the visceral organs.

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Anti-Tubulin Labeling Reveals Ampullary Neuron Ciliary Bundles in Opisthobranch Larvae and a New Putative Neural Structure Associated With the Apical Ganglion