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Within recent memory the late President of the United States and the former Prime Minister of England happily selected and emphasized four freedoms which illustrate fundamental principles embodied in Anglo-American History. The first three freedoms are fundamental rights according to Anglo-American constitutional standards, and the year 1946 will probably witness their rapid dissemination throughout the world of the United Nations. The fourth freedom, with its distinctive preposition, "freedom from want," has appeared not as an ancient right, but in the form of a magnificent aspiration and goal. In seeking the historical development in the Eighteenth Century of the concepts of freedoms of speech and of the press and the freedom of worship, the present generation may find in well established libraries a thin pamphlet in small type and vivid language recording the trial and acquittal of William Penn for preaching in Grace Church Street after he had been prevented from using the customary Quaker meeting house in London. Or another much larger pamphlet may be located recording the trial and acquittal of the Archbishop of Canterbury and six bishops who had declined to obey a royal order affecting ecclesiastical affairs and who dared to file a petition with the King in defense of the freedom of the Church of England from interference by King James the Second. Nor would it be difficult to find a printed account of the successful defense by an aged Philadelphia lawyer of a New York printer who had criticised the actions of the then colonial governor of New York. Lest we should surmise that the cause of liberty ran smoothly in English and American courfs prior to the close of the Eighteenth century it may be well to examine a brilliant and well reported defense by Thomas Erskine which, however, failed to secure the acquittal of his client, Thomas Paine, the author of Common Sense and of the Rights of Man. It is the purpose of this article to refresh our memories of four such proceedings which are embedded in our constitutional history and which form part of the background of the first three freedoms. If in

Three Freedoms in the Eighteenth Century and the Effect of Paper Shot