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The founding of the Third Republic coincided with the creation of a particular political and economic arrangement which Stanley Hoffmann has variously called the "Republican synthesis" and the "Republican equilibrium." This arrangement stabilized French society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, perhaps to the point of"stalemate," but in any case it enabled the Third Republic to survive longer than any other French regime since 1789. Because it ultimately rested on the support of the bourgeoisie and the peasantry, its formation depended on forging those elements of society into a "Republican consensus" (again Hoffmann's term) by the accommodation of their interests-that is to say, by the formulation of policies which preserved and enhanced their social and economic position.' The process of accommodating interests and building the Republican consensus unfolded at several levels between the late 1860s and the 1890s.2 From the beginning, the making of tariff policy was a crucial part of this process, especially for big businessmen and farmers. Yet it proved to be one of the hardest areas in which to reach an agreement. Contrary to conventional wisdom, there was no popularly mandated scuttling of Napoleon III's free trade policies and no return to protection after 1870. To be sure, there was a noisy reaction

Free Trade versus Protection in the Early Third Republic: Economic Interests, Tariff Policy, and the Making of the Republican Synthesis