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It is generally accepted that fern spores contain all the elements that are needed for germination because spores germinate on distilled water in the absence of added nutrients (Raghavan, 1980). Here we present the first quantitative data on the atomic composition of Onoclea spores that permit one to know which elements are present in the spore. The presence of an element does not imply its essentiality as a nutrient; rather, it allows for the possibility that this element could be involved with development. One element of particular interest to us is calcium, which is essential for spore germination (Wayne & Hepler, 1984a). Ninety percent of the calcium present in Onoclea spores resides in their walls, whereas 10% is intracellular (Wayne & Hepler, 1984b). By selectively removing calcium from the spores, we show that the wall-associated calcium is required for Onoclea germination in calcium-free media.

The Atomic Composition of Onoclea sensibilis Spores