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The tolerance ofCrassostrea virginica larvae to anoxia increases with developmental stage and body size. Median mortality times range from 11 h for prodis soconch larvae of82 zm (shelllength) to 5 1h for pedivel iger larvae of 3 12 zm, and 150 h forjuvenile oysters. Si multaneous calorimetry and respirometry showed that in response to declining oxygen tension (P02), the rates of heat dissipation and oxygen uptake by oyster larvae are maintained independent ofP@ down to low P@ values (2 kPa for prodissoconch larvae and 8 kPa for pediveliger andjuveniles). Therefore, total energy metabolism is sus tamed mainly by aerobic metabolism down to 2 and 4 kPa for early larval stages and juveniles, respectively. Prodissoconch larvae maintain relatively high rates of heat dissipation under anoxic conditions (34% of nor moxic rate), whereas pediveliger and juveniles lower their anoxic rates of heat dissipation to 3% of the nor moxic rate. The ability to reduce rates ofheat dissipation and thus conserve energy expenditure under anoxia ap pears to be related to the increase in anoxia tolerance with larval development. The larval differences in the re lationship between P@ and the rate of heat dissipation are also reflected in feeding rate (ingestion rate of micro spheres). Prodissoconch larvae maintain feeding activity under anoxic conditions (29% of normoxic ingestion rate), in contrast to pediveigerlarvae, which lower inges tion rates to 5%ofthe normoxic rate.

Effects of Hypoxia and Anoxia on Survival, Energy Metabolism, and Feeding of Oyster Larvae (Crassostrea virginica, Gmelin)