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In the beginning there were only paper subdivisions. In the nineteenth century and well into the third decade of this century, land could be subdivided without constructing the public improvements that would be needed to serve the subdivided land. The subdivider needed only to prepare an accurate plat of the property to be subdivided, usually with the assistance of a surveyor, and then record it in the appropriate county office. The subdivider did not assume responsibility for constructing any of the subdivision improvements. That task was left to the municipality or to the purchasers of lots in the subdivision. Streets were laid out but, in many instances, title to the street did not pass to the municipality unless it improved the street or actual use of the street had already commenced.' The practice of recording subdivision plats without making any provision for the construction of public improvements produced two undesirable results. First, the premature subdivision of land created an oversupply of subdivided lots. Lacking purchasers, many paper subdivisions were only partially improved or never improved at all, and they became "dead land" that impeded the normal and orderly growth of municipalities. As a consequence, new residential developments leapfrogged over such areas of dead land into unsubdivided lands lying beyond the old, moribund subdivisions. Moreover, because they remained vacant, tax delinquencies became chronic and widespread in these unimproved dead subdivisions, a

From Subdivision Improvement Requirements to Community Benefit Assessments and Linkage Payments: A Brief History of Land Development Exactions