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Today, more than ever before, the federal government is in the business of research and development work. Official estimates place the total funds obligated in the research and development (R&D) programs undertaken by the various agencies of the federal government during fiscal year 1963 at almost $i4.7 billion,' and our newspapers are filled with articles concerning the size and diversity of these programs. However, almost all the comment regarding R&D is addressed to the direct support of research by the federal government, either through intramural research undertaken directly by government employees at federal installations, or through direct support of research by means of government contracts and grants for R&D. Scant attention has been given to the indirect support of research and development through partial reimbursement of a contractor's independent research and development (IR&D) program. By definition IR&D is a contractor's research and development which is not sponsored by a government contract or grant,3 but IR&D may be supported indirectly as an overhead item if the contractor has cost-reimbursement type contracts with the federal government. An example will serve to illustrate. Charley Brown Electronics, Inc., as its name implies, is engaged in research, development, and manufacture of various exotic electronic components which are utilized by industry and government. In 1963 Brown's commercial sales were $35 million, and its sales on a fixed-price basis to the federal government were $28 million. Brown is also operating under various cost-reimbursement type contracts in which it incurred direct labor and material costs of $40 million during 1963. In computing the overhead attributable to these cost-reimbursement contracts, it is learned that the total overhead costs, excluding IR&D, were $3o million. In addition, Brown has undertaken on its own initiative, a substantial IR&D program, con-

Independent Research and Development Expenditures: A Study of the Government Contract as an Instrument of Public Policy