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The endeavor to give Europe a "new look" after World War II by leading its countries to a workable form of union has found its first practical expression in three international Treaties of a special kind, concluded between the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Belgium, the French Republic, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The first, signed in Paris on April i8, 1951, and put into force on July 25, I952, set up the European Coal and Steel Community (E.C.S.C.). The other two, signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, and put into force on January i, I958, resulted in the European Economic Community (E.E.C.) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). In the traditional manner of multilateral agreements under international law, these Treaties came into being as the outcome of negotiations between the Governments concerned, but their aim is to find new forms whereby a new order can be established in Europe. They endow the three Communities with a federal structure, having central executive organs, representation of the Member States, a common Parliament, and a Supreme Court. The executive organ of the E.C.S.C. is the High Authority, which corresponds to the Commissions of the other two Communities. The federal element is reflected in a Ministerial Council for each Community, in which each country has one representative. The Court has jurisdiction for all three Communities and renders decisions in first and final instance. Parliamentary and political control is exercised for all three Communities by the European Parliamentary Assembly.

Parliamentary Control and Political Groups in the Three European Regional Communities