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During congressional consideration of what were to become the Sugar Act Amendments of I962, lobbying by representatives of foreign governments reached something of an all-time high in intensity. Events had conspired to create in a number of sugar-producing countries a passionate, if understandable, interest in the latest revision of a United States program that had been on the books since 1934. The program had been brought into existence by the Jones-Costigan Act.' This act was passed at least partly for the purpose of protecting domestic sugar producers by keeping the price of their commodity at an artificially high level.2 In an attempt to stabilize the price and supply of sugar, the act imposed a system of regulation upon the industry. One of the principal devices to be employed was an arrangement for the allocation of quotas to domestic and foreign suppliers on the basis of the Secretary of Agriculture's annual estimate of the nation's sugar needs.3 Under normal circumstances, the regulated supply assured by the quota system caused the domestic market price of sugar to be higher than the world market price. But to encourage the availability of a reliable supply of sugar from other countries, Congress permitted sugar interests in the foreign nations that held quotas to retain the premium resulting from the higher domestic price. Cuba was the main beneficiary of the quota system, both because it had become the chief foreign supplier of sugar and because it was the foreign source of sugar that was closest to the East and Gulf Coasts, where most United States refineries are located. It received not only the largest quota, but a preferential tariff rate as well. The first extensive congressional revision of the program contained in the JonesCostigan Act took place in i947. An administrative regulation, issued in I936, had awarded several countries a preferred status in the event that it proved necessary to buy sugar from other than quota countries.4 The Sugar Act of 1948 gave statutory

Lobbying by Foreign Governments on the Sugar Act Amendments of 1962