English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Open

The usual means of proving that a letter was written on a particular typewriter is to compare the identifying defects found in specimens from the machine and in the document in question. The same combination of type design and typing defects in the two sets without any fundamental differences establishes that the questioned document was in fact written on the known machine. The further step of identifying the specific ribbon with which the document was written is much less common, and apparently there is no reported use of linking an actual carbon ribbon to the questioned letter to assist in dating the latter.' While document examiners may have recognized this potential, most of them have not encountered a situation in which they could use it. By design carbon ribbons, which today are a carbon-wax coating on polyethelene tapes, are used only once and then discarded.2 After each character is typed there is a clear sharp outline left in the ribbon. With a properly operating machine no two letter or characters strike the same surface area of the ribbon. The problem is, therefore, to simply read and compare the material impressed in the ribbon with what is found in the document in question. In many respects it is simi-

Identifying the Typewriter Ribbon Used to Write a Letter: A Case Study Employing New Techniques