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During the fourth and fifth decades of the nineteenth century, the group of English philanthropists who guided public opinion in establishing better methods of dealing with the problems of juvenile delinquency, derived their theories of the causes and treatment of juvenile delinquency from the observations of those who had a practical interest in this problem. These observations by magistrates, police and prison officials, managers of reformatory institutions, chaplains and social workers, appear crude and unsystematic in comparison with the studies made in the twentieth century, yet their conclusions reached the roots of this problem. Despite the vast accumulation of psychological and psychiatric literature in the past three decades, ranging from devices that test intelligence and personality to devices that explore the subconscious, it is doubtful whether there has been an increase in our understanding of the causes of juvenile delinquency. On the whole, the studies made since the turn of the present century have amply confirmed the observations and the simple statistical studies of the pioneer students of the nineteenth century who emphasized social and economic factors as the primary "causes" of delinquent behavior. The emphasis on psychological and psychiatric interpretations of the behavior of juvenile delinquents which followed h introduction of the Binet-Simon

The Treatment of Juvenile Delinquency in England during the Early Nineteenth Century