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We describe in this chapter a surgical simulation system based on the vir tual reality (VR) technique for fractures of the mandible. The equipment used con sisted of a Silicon Graphics IRIS-4D/VGXT workstation with a 60-inch rear projection screen viewed through liquid crystal shutter glasses, a pair of data gloves and a 3 dimensional Polhemus sensor. The skull data consisted of 2,800 polygons, and the data for the face consisted of 1,640 polygons. The data were displayed by Gouroud shading. Additional data to check interference and the data for texture mapping were prepared. The opera tor was guided by a sound navigation sys tem and could rotate, move and reposition the bone fragments by the action of the data gloves under 3 dimensional visualization. Two surgical simulation methods have been reported, namely, computer graphic images and 3 dimensional models. The computer graphic images have the ad vantage of offering repeatability, while 3 dimensional models offer tactile operation and true 3 dimensional information.

Chapter 11: THE VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNIQUE IN SIMULATION SURGERY - A MANDIBULAR FRACTURE MODEL