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This investigation is to concentrate on the effect of thermal radiation on  free convection of a Cu-water nanofluid in a differentially heated cavity  containing a solid square block placed in the middle. The upper and lower  dividers of the cavity are kept as thermally protected; The coupled  equations of mass, momentum, and energy are governed the mathematical model.  Finite difference method is used to solve the governing equations. All  internal surfaces of the cavity are deemed as a diffused emitters and  reflectors for radiation. The impacts of relevant parameters, the Rayleigh  number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), volume fraction of nanoparticles (0.0 ≤ f ≤ 0.04)  and thermal radiation (Rd=0, 1, 5 and 10), are explored. For various values  of the flow parameters, the values for local and average Nusselt number are  calculated. It is observed that the local and averaged Nusselt numbers are  increased with an increase in the Rayleigh number and volume fraction of  nanoparticles. Also, the temperature distribution of the fluid increases  with an increase in the radiation parameter.

Effect of thermal radiation on natural conviction of a nanofluid in a square cavity with a solid body