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In this experimental investigation convective heat transfer, friction factor,   and thermal enhancement characteristics of straight circular duct fitted with   circular ring insert of constant heat flux boundary condition under fully   developed laminar flow is presented. Tests have been conducted by using 0.1%   volume concentration of Al2O3 nanofluid and water. Inserts of different pitch   to diameter ratios of 6.25, 8.33, 12.5, and 16.67 with center core rod were   used for this investigation. The circular ring insert shows a superior   thermal performance than plain tube. The experimental results demonstrated   that the Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal enhancement factor   increases with decrease in pitch to diameter ratio. The circular ring inserts   of lower pitch to diameter ratio of 6.25 with nanofluid increases the Nusselt   number by 165.38% compared to pure water and the friction factor, found to be   7.89 times higher than that of water. Empirical correlations are develope for   Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of Reynolds number, volume   concentration, and pitch ratio. The thermal performance factor was found to   be greater than unity for all pitch to diameter ratios

Heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid in laminar flow conditions with circular ring insert