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In this paper, a meticulous numerical model is developed and simulated using   computational fluid dynamics technique so as to analyse the heat transfer and   temperature distribution on each layer of the air cooled solar photovoltaic   panel. The proposed numerical model comprises of bottom air cooling layer and   diverse layers of solar panel such as glass, ethyl vinyl acetate,   photovoltaic cell, and tedlar. The discrete ordinates model is employed to   apply the solar load in the numerical computation. The computational fluid   dynamics simulated average temperatures are compared with the experimental   measured values and found to be in commendable agreement. The RMSE1, RMSE2,   and R-squared values were obtained for top glass, tedlar and outlet air   temperature is 1.112949, 0.022619, 0.998175, 0.993115, 0.019556, 0.998451,   and 0.077683, 0.022618, 0.988113, respectively. The top glass and   photovoltaic cell contour clearly visuvalizes the temperature distribution   through out the layer. It is also found that the maximum top glass,   photovoltaic cell, tedlar and outlet air temperature of photovoltaic-thermal   system are about 58.06°C, 58.39°C, 59.44°C, and 45.48°C, respectively

Numerical model and experimental validation of the heat transfer in air cooled solar photovoltaic panel