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Laminar incompressible mixed-convective heat transfer in two-dimensional   lid-driven cavity, filled with nanofluid CuO-water, is studied numerically.   Eight different viscosity models are compared to investigate the enhancement   in the heat transfer and the increase in the average Nusselt number. The   point of view of each model essentially differs in terms of whether it takes   various parameters such as temperature effects, Brownian motion of the   nanoparticles, the radii of aggregated particles, and the volume-fraction of   nanoparticles into account or not. The governing stream-vorticity equations   are solved using a second order central finite difference scheme, coupled to   the conservation of mass and energy. The main sensitive parameters of   interest to investigate the viscosity models are chosen as volume fraction of   the nanoparticles φ, and Richardson number Ri. The performance study of the   viscosity models and the interpretation of the corresponding results of   velocity components are done in a different range of φ and Ri

Numerical comparison of viscosity models on mixed convection in double lid-driven cavity utilized CuO-water nanofluid