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Direct injection diesel engine combustion system offers improvements in   performance and fuel economy benefits. 4 valves per cylinder, turbocharged   and intercooled diesel engine became trustworthy for automobile application.   Electronic diesel control, use of common rail with increase in injection   pressures, and flexibility in injection control has changed the image of   diesel engine. Evolutions in piston crown shape, intake ports with different   swirl level helped to enhance mixing of air and fuel for better performance   and emissions. In this describe the work done on 4 cylinder diesel engine,   upgraded to BS5 (Bharat stage 5) emission norms with 20% power increase. A   systematic approach of engine development was fallowed. Engine performance   prediction was done using AVL Boost software. Boost Model was validated with   existing engine cylinder pressure. Combustion parameters have been varied to   predict higher power. Vehicle model has been build using AVL cruise software   and used to obtain steady state load- speed points. Engine emission   development has been done on engine test bench. Typical hardware like piston   crown, turbocharger, EGR system with EGR cooler and various combustion   parameters were tested and optimized. Suitable after-treatment system was   selected optimized for precious metal loading reach Bharat stage 5 emissions

Optimisation of the 2.2 liter high speed diesel engine for proposed Bharat stage 5 emission norms in India