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This paper departs from the observation that the victim image leading public  discourse has transformed in recent years: increasingly victims reject the  traditional victim label implying helplessness and dependency to adopt the  image of the emancipated victim that wishes to participate in the criminal  proceedings. Restorative justice at first sight provides an answer to these  emancipated victims’ wishes, offering them participation in criminal  proceedings. Yet, using the concept of empowerment as an example and the  community psychology perspective as a theoretical reference, our analysis  suggests that restorative justice uses a restricted definition of  empowerment: it reduces empowerment to developing self-confidence and new  understandings of the offence, neglecting the behavioural component of  empowerment. This characteristic of restorative justice seems to deny  victims’ capacities to promote social change and inhibit them from reaching  true empowerment

Restorative justice and the active victim: Exploring the concept of empowerment