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Landing on Mars is extremely challenging task due to the fact that the   Martian atmosphere is the most hostile environment in the Solar system to   perform the entry, descent and landing (EDL) process, because it is thick   enough to create substantial heating of the entry vehicle but not thick   enough to reduce its velocity to the one necessary for safe landing. Beside   this, the atmosphere is very dynamic mainly due to high eccentricity of the   Martian orbit, obliquity of the orbital to the equatorial plane and close   alignment of the winter solstice and the orbital perihelion. Although   seasonal variations of atmospheric parameters are significantly larger than   the diurnal, it is very important to analyze diurnal cycles as they can   significantly change vertical and horizontal atmospheric profiles in very   short time intervals. This can present a serious threat to missions which   have very precise timings and specific requirements such as the requirement   for the daytime landing to enable ground images acquisition during the   descent and landing phase. A 3-degrees-of-freedom trajectory integration   routine was combined with the Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model   (Mars-GRAM) to identify the dependence of the EDL profiles on the diurnal   cycles of atmospheric parameters throughout the Martian year. The obtained   results show that the influence of the diurnal cycles is the largest at the   equator and decreases relatively symmetrically towards the poles with a   slightly stronger influence in the northern hemisphere. Also, there is a   significant influence of the orbital position of Mars on the effect of   diurnal atmospheric variations which causes that, around the orbital   perihelion and winter solstice, there is some kind of inversion of the   dependance of optimal entry timing on latitude of the landing site comparing   to the rest of the Martian year. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike   Srbije, br. 176002

The effects of the diurnal atmospheric variability on entry, descent and landing on Mars