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In adults, the disrupting effect of irrelevant background sounds with   distinct temporalspectral variations (changing-state sounds) on short-term   memory performance was found to be robust. In the present study, a verbal   serial recognition task was used to investigate this so-called Irrelevant   Sound Effect (ISE) in adults and 8- to 10-year-old children. An essential   part of the short-term memory impairment during changing-state speech is due   to interference processes (changing-state effect) which can be differentiated   from the deviation effect of auditory distraction. In line with recent   findings (Hughes et al., 2013), our study demonstrates that the   changing-state effect is not modulated by task difficulty. Moreover, our   results show that the changing-state effect remains stable for children and   adults. This suggests that the differences in the magnitude of the ISE as   reported by Elliott (2002) and Klatte et al. (2010) are most likely related   to the increase in attentional control during childhood

Age differences in the irrelevant sound effect: A serial recognition paradigm