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Molten carbonate fuel cells have been under development for a number of years  and reliable units are successfully working at 250kW scale and demonstration  units have produced up to 2 MW. Although these cells cannot be considered as  renewable as the fuel, hydrogen or carbon monoxide is consumed and not  regenerated, the excellent reliability of such a cell can act as a stimulus  to innovative development of similar cells with different outcomes. Molten  salt electrolytes based upon LiCl - Li2O can be used to convert carbon  dioxide, either drawn from the output of a conventional thermal power station  or from the atmosphere, to carbon monoxide or carbon. Recently, dimensionally  stable anodes have been developed for molten salt electrolytes, based upon  alkali or alkaline ruthenates which are highly electronically conducting and  these may allow the concept of high temperature batteries to be developed in  which an alkali or alkaline earth element reacts with air to form oxides when  the battery is discharging and the oxide decomposes when the battery is being  recharged. Batteries using these concepts may be based upon the Hall-Heroult  cell, which is used worldwide for the production of aluminium on an  industrial scale, and could be used for load levelling. Lithium ion batteries  are, at present, the preferred energy source for cars in 2050 as there are  sufficient lithium reserves to satisfy the world’s energy needs for this  particular application. Graphite is used in lithium ion batteries as the  anode but the capacity is relatively low. Silicon and tin have much higher  capacities and the use of these materials, encapsulated in carbon nanotubes  and nanoparticles will be described. This paper will review these interesting  developments and demonstrate that a combination of carbon and molten salts  can offer novel ways of storing energy and converting carbon dioxide into  useful products

Renewable energy and the role of molten salts and carbon