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The Solid Oxide Membrane (SOM) process for magnesium production involves the  direct electrolysis of magnesium oxide for energy efficient and low-carbon  magnesium production. In the SOM process, magnesium oxide is dissolved in a  molten oxy-fluoride flux. An oxygen-ion-conducting SOM tube, made from yttria  stabilized zirconia (YSZ), is submerged in the flux. The operating life of  the electrolytic cell can be improved by understanding degradation processes  in the YSZ, and one way the YSZ degrades is by yttria diffusion out of the  YSZ. By adding small amounts of YF3 to the flux, yttria diffusion can be  controlled. The diffusion of yttria into the flux was quantified by  determining the yttria concentration profile as a function of immersion time  in the flux and distance from the flux-YSZ interface. Yttria concentrations  were determined using x-ray spectroscopy. The diffusion process was modeled  using a numerical approach with an analytic solution to Fick’s second law.  These modeling and experimental methods allowed for the determination of the  optimum YF3 concentration in the flux to minimize yttria diffusion and  improve membrane stability. Furthermore, the effects of common impurities in  magnesium ores, such as calcium oxide, silica, and sodium oxide/sodium  peroxide, on YSZ stability are being investigated

Yttria stabilized zirconia membrane stability in molten fluoride fluxes for low-carbon magnesium production by the SOM process