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Tungsten carbide was synthesized by calcination of carbon cryogel with  embedded tungsten in a form of metatungstate. This material was used as a  support for Pt nanoparticles. XRD pattern of W-C support indicates the  presence of WC, W2C, and unreacted W, as well as graphitized carbon.  According to the previous TEM analysis of W-C support, it contains particles  with core-shell structure, where W particle was covered with the shell of a  mixture of WC and W2C. The average Pt grain size calculated from XRD pattern  was about 6 nm. Cyclic voltammogram of W-C support was recorded within  potential range relevant for its application as a catalyst support in fuel  cells. Pair of anodic/cathodic peaks close to the negative potential limit  could be ascribed to the intercalation of hydrogen within hydrous tungsten  oxide, which is always present on the surface of WC in aqueous solutions.  Cyclic voltammogram of Pt/W-C indicated that tungsten oxide species are  present on tungsten carbide shell as well as on the surface of Pt  nanoparticles. Pt surface is only partially covered by hydrous tungsten  oxide. Hydrogen intercalation in hydrous tungsten oxide is enhanced in the  presence of Pt nanoparticles. Also, the presence of hydrated tungsten oxide  leads to the decrease of OH chemisorbed on Pt surface. Stripping of  underpotentially deposited copper was used for the assessment of Pt surface  area and the specific surface area of Pt was estimated to 41 m2 g-1.  Electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction was examined on the synthesized  Pt/W-C catalyst and compared with the results on the commercial Pt/C  catalyst. It was found that the current densities at Pt/W-C are almost double  as those on Pt/C. The Tafel plots for both catalysts are characterized with  two Tafel slopes: -0.060 V dec-1 at low current densities, and -0.120 V dec-1  at high current densities. From the rotational dependence of the reaction  rate, it was found that oxygen reduction on both Pt/W-C and Pt/C follows the  first order kinetics with respect to O2 and that four electrons are  transferred per O2 molecule. The results show that the presence of tungsten  carbide in support material i.e. hydrous tungsten oxide on Pt surface, leads  to promotion of oxygen reduction on the Pt/W-C catalyst. It was assumed that  oxophilic hydrated tungsten oxide hinders OH adsorption on Pt surface, thus  increasing Pt surface area available for O2 adsorption and its  electrochemical reduction

Effect of tungsten carbide in carbon Pt catalyst support on electrochemical oxygen reduction in acid solution