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Exposure to air pollution, especially from particulate matter, is generally  accepted to be one of the most important public health problems in Europe and  worldwide. The effects caused in the general population are associated with  relatively small relative risks, but if the ubiquity of exposure is  considered, the attributable number of events is large. Furthermore, there is  evidence that the effects in sensitive population subgroups (such as the  elderly, those with chronic diseases and children) are stronger. Within large  European Union funded collaborative projects (such as the Air Pollution and  Health: a European Approach-APHEA), effect modification by geographical  characteristics has been investigated and it was found that in warmer  countries, in locations where particles come from traffic and where the  proportion of the elderly is greater, particle toxicity is increased. These  characteristics are particularly relevant to Southern European locations.  From other projects we know that meteorological, climatic, environmental and  socioeconomic factors are effect modifiers of the effects of specific air  pollutants. In this presentation we will show the evidence on the short-term  health effects of particulate and gaseous air pollutants and emphasize  particularly results concerning southern Europe and potential effect  modifiers. The gaps in knowledge and the need to study air pollution in  Southern European countries more extensively will be demonstrated. To conduct  useful research, good quality air pollution and health data are needed

Short-term health effects of particulate air pollution with special reference to the needs of southern European countries