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Two series of zirconia based catalysts promoted with either sulfates or  phosphates were prepared, calcined at different temperatures (600 and 700°C)  and evaluated for the n-hexane isomerization reaction. The catalysts with  different concentrations of sulfates or phosphates (4 or 10 wt. %) were  characterized by BET, XRD, SEM methods, and total acidity was evaluated by  using the Hammett indicators. Their final catalytic performances were  correlated with their physical-chemical properties (surface, structural,  textural and morphological). It was found that sulfated zirconia catalyst  calcined at lower temperature showed the highest initial activity of all  tested catalysts as the result of favorable total acidity, mesopore texture  and structural properties. Somewhat lower activity of the sulfated catalyst  calcined at higher temperature is related to the content of acid groups  partially removed during thermal treatment, thus, lower total acidity, and  also to less favorable textural and structural features. Negligible activity  of phosphated zirconia catalysts is connected with low total acidity despite  the positive status of particular property showing the complexity of the  active phase/site formation in the catalyst

A comparative study of n-hexane isomerization over solid acids catalysts: Sulfated and phosphated zirconia