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A series of single-metal carbonates and Pb-Zn mixed-metal carbonates were  prepared as catalysts for alcoholysis of urea with 1,2-propylene glycol (PG)  for the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC). The mixed carbonates all show  much better catalytic activities than the single carbonates, arising from a  strong synergistic effect between the two crystalline phases, hydrozincite  and lead carbonate. The mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:2 gives the highest  yield of PC, followed by the mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:3. Furthermore,  Taguchi method was used to optimize the synthetic process for improving the  yield of PC. It is shown that the reaction temperature is the most  significant factor affecting the yield of PC, followed by the reaction time,  and that the optimal reaction conditions are the reaction time at 5 hours,  the reaction temperature at 180 oC and the catalyst amount at 1.8 wt%,  resulting in the highest PC yield of 96.3%.

Synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propylene glycol over metal carbonates