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Gallic acid (GLA; 3,4,5- trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a strong antioxidant in  plants. In order to clarify the effects of GLA as a pro-oxidant or an  antioxidant on cells under stress conditions, soybean (Glycine max) was  grown under normal conditions or in the presence of cold stress (5 and 10°C)  in the absence or presence of gallic acid (GLA; 1 and 2 mM) for 72 h. The  soybean roots exposed to stress exhibited a significant decline in growth  (RGR), water content (RWC), osmotic potential (ΨΠ) and proline content  (Pro). However, GLA treatment under stress significantly improved these  parameters and alleviated the stress-generated damage. Stress decreased  superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but GLA effectively mitigated the  adverse effects on enzyme activity. After stress treatment, only catalase  (CAT) was induced in soybean roots, although it was not sufficient to  prevent toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Thus, the levels of  lipid peroxidation (TBARS content) markedly increased. However, GLA  contributed to detoxification of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation by enhancing  activities of CAT and peroxidase (POX). In addition to these enzymes, SOD  activity was able to scavenge superoxide anion radicals, as evidenced by  decline in TBARS content. However, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR),  dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), total ascorbate (tAsA) and glutathione  (GSH) showed a decline of content in roots treated with GLA (both  concentrations) plus stress. Our results suggest a protective role of GLA,  which may strengthen plant tolerance by ensuring efficient water use and  enhancing antioxidant systems. In soybean roots, GLA successfully alleviated  the toxicity of cold stress by modulating the activities of SOD, CAT and POX  rather than enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle.

Cold stress in soybean (Glycine max L.) roots: Exogenous gallic acid promotes water status and increases antioxidant activities