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The present investigation was undertaken to improve the performance of carob   cuttings in terms of adventitious roots formation and hardening using   arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Softwood cuttings were treated with 5000   mg L-1 of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and kept noninoculated (Non-AM) or   inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae (Fmo) alone or combined with   Rhizophagus fasciculatus (Fmo+Rfa) or R. intraradices (Fmo+Rin) or both   (Fmo+Rfa+Rin) and then maintained under mist conditions. After two months,   rooted cuttings were transplanted on sterilized substrate and transferred to   a hardening greenhouse for five months. Obtained results showed that   inoculation of the rooting substrate with AMF substantially improved the   percentage of rooted cuttings and the number of roots per cutting. The   highest rooting (63.33%) and number of roots per cutting (11.67) were   recorded in the presence of the complex of the three AMF strains   (Fmo+Rfa+Rin). Moreover, all mycorrhizal-rooted cuttings survived   transplantation and hardening shocks and showed the highest growth and   physiological performances. Indeed, in the Fmo-Rfa-Rin-plantlets the gains in   plant height and shoot and root dry weights were 95.6%, 55.1% and 76.9%   respectively. Furthermore, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll content,   photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and nutrient concentrations were   higher in mycorrhizal plantlets than in non-AM ones. Thus, AMF substantially   improved carob cuttings’ performance in terms of rooting capacity and   hardening efficiency, thereby increasing the potential of carob propagation   by cuttings

Improved rooting capacity and hardening efficiency of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) cuttings using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi