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European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most important tree species   in Europe. Due to substantial genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity,   beech has successfully adapted to different environments within its natural   range. Provenance tests provide a good basis for studying within- and   between-provenance genetic variation, due to homogeneous within-trial   environmental conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine the   within- and between-provenance genetic variability of certain leaf   morphological traits among eleven beech provenances, grown in a common garden   experiment. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for   differences among the studied beech provenances. Principal component analysis   (PCA) allowed a complex assessment of the relationships among the provenances   and an estimation of multivariate relations among the analyzed characters.   The results of the study revealed the existence of substantial variability   among provenances (p<0.001). Likewise, high genetic variability was observed   at the intra-provenance level (p<0.001). The first three principal components   (PC1-PC3) explained approximately 81% of the total variance among the   European beech provenances tested. The highest contribution on PC1   corresponded to variables related to leaf size: leaf area (-0.882) and leaf   width (-0.876). Based on the position of provenances on a PCA scatter plot,   it could be assumed that European beech is characterized by a more ecotypic   pattern of genetic variation rather than by clinal variation. Also, the   presence of considerable genetic diversity within provenances will be   important in the light of climate change impact on beech, since it could   potentially facilitate rapid adaptation. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke   Republike Srbije, br. 43007: Studying climate change and its influence on the   environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation

Intra- and interprovenance variations in leaf morphometric traits in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)