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The pollinator-non-rewarding Large Yellow Lady's-slipper ( Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens [Willdenow] Knight) and the rewarding Balsam Ragwort ( Packera paupercula [Michaux] A. Love & D. Love) exist together in some eastern Ontario alvars where they share a group of medium-sized, dark blue metallic pollinators in the bee genus Osmia (Mason Bees, Megachilidae). I provide evidence of floral mimicry of the ragwort by the orchid based on several observations: (1) Osmia visiting P. paupercula also visit C. parviflorum var. pubescens ; (2) Osmia are more frequent visitors to P. paupercula than to other co-blooming plants; (3) Osmia are the primary pollinators of C. parviflorum var. pubescens ; (4) the behaviour of Osmia on the flower of C. parviflorum var. pubescens involving landing on the staminode suggests mimicry; and (5) the largest populations of C. parviflorum var. pubescens in Ontario are in alvar landscapes where P. paupercula is abundant. Pollination in Large Yellow Lady's-slipper may vary geographically from non-model to species-specific Batesian mimicry, which is rare in orchids. This latter pollination mechanism may have evolved in ice-front environments during the Pleistocene, but then became isolated to unusual partial analogues of ice-front habitat during the Holocene with pollination in most of the current range appearing to be a generalist strategy.

canadian field-naturalist

&lt;em&gt;Osmia&lt;/em&gt; species (Megachilidae) pollinate &lt;em&gt;Cypripedium parviflorum&lt;/em&gt; (Orchidaceae) and &lt;em&gt;Packera paupercula&lt;/em&gt; (Asteraceae): a localized case of Batesian mimicry?