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Convinced Christians, in order to sacrifice themselves to God, became monks. In Italy and other remote places or at important traffic roads, building of monasteries for religious, educating and social needs was started, services and schools were organized, accommodation for travellers provided. Without applying concrete, a homogeneous planning monumental monastery churches with massive walls, restrained décor, wooden ceilings, semi cylindrical ridge or altarpiece (Latin: presbyterium) at the building eastern end were built. In churches, rooms with small windows were dark and enigmatic. Due to the impact of relics, the dead and martyrs’ commemoration cult and ideology, basilicas had more extended planning: at the nave’s eastern end a podium for the altar was made. In walls a semicircle planning chancel’s niche or apse and windows were built. In order to organize ritual processions, chapels for extra altars arranged in the cross-nave or transept. The entrance into the apse joined both side-naves and surrounded by the chancel. The building’s plan obtained a shape of a Latin cross. Symbolism was not the determinant factor, but rather the functionality of room. The transept, which earlier had been considered as underlying, became more important than the nave, which since the 5 century searches for fireproof cover formation and new planning and vault solutions were necessary. In the early 9 century economic boom promoted foundation of markets and commodity exchange, building of roads, pilgrims’ movement, rebirth of cities and culture. Local masters built churches and monasteries, creating compositions of manifold construction forms. Bishops’ cathedrals had a small chancel, but in abbey churches, extending aisles, the chancel obtained unusual sizes. In large abbeys even two aisles, separated with the central arcade, and side apses were made. In the 10 century, in basilicas with the planning similar to the Latin cross buildings with three apse eastern-end for services place were carefully made. In the western façade, on each side of the entrance a tower was built. In Western Europe big, rich abbeys became important in economics, religion and secular politics. Applying their authority and impact on society, during the course of a very complex evolution, they created a new abbey church type. Monasteries were subordinated to the bishop, but not so often to the Roman Pope. Abbeys not subordinated to the bishop created their separate (Latin: abbas nullius) or territorial abbeys (Latin: abbas territorialis). The first (800–814) Emperor (Latin: Imperatores Romani Sacri, German: Römisch-deutscher Kaiser) of the Holy Rome Charles the Great (French: Charlemagne, German: Karl der Große) with the help of monks’ community lifestyle regulations Regula Benedicti (around 540), formulated by St. Benedict of Nursia, created abbeys for the Holy Roman Empire’s administrative system. In the lands of the Balts, for the implementation of the cross-war policy and for deployment of military units, monks-knights built fortress-like financially and economically independent Cistercian monasteries where chapels were installed. The Cistercian sacral buildings were modest.

landscape architecture and art

Impact of Catholic Monastery Church Building on Cistercian Monastery Formation in Livonia and the State of the Teutonic Order during 13th and 14th Century