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Lancelot Brown produced designs for country seats in Germany and the Southern Netherlands (present-day Belgium), but there are no such examples in the Northern Netherlands (now the Kingdom of the Netherlands). He appears to have been little known there during his lifetime, with no obvious literary references to him in Dutch publications. Even when his landscapes were visited by Dutch travellers to England there was no reference to Brown. It was not until after the publication of Humphry Repton’s Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening (1794) and Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1803) that both Brown and his work became better known and the term ‘landscape garden’ was popularised. The latter was not a new phrase; it had first been used by the poet William Shenstone (1714–63), as published posthumously in his ‘Unconnected thoughts on gardening’ (1764) where Brown’s style was referred to as ‘landskip, or Picturesque-gardening’. The term had not seen general use, however, with Brown himself preferring ‘place-making’ to describe his work.1 During the nineteenth century Brown gradually gained a reputation in the Netherlands as one of the originators of the ‘English landscape garden’, which developed from what was referred to as the ‘Engelse tuin’, ‘englische Garten’, ‘jardin anglais’, or ‘jardin anglo-chinois’. Despite supposed Englishness, these styles were distinct from what was happening in England at the time and had their roots in developments that had commenced in the formal garden. This nuance was not recognised by later observers and standard Dutch historiography has generally used the term ‘early landscape style’ to distinguish eighteenth-century irregular gardens from the later more Brownian-type open parks.2 A recent study of the development during the eighteenth century, however, recognises this misnomer and reclassifies eighteenth-century irregular gardens as the Dutch landscape style, suggesting a distinguishable development.3 Despite its clarity over how concepts evolved in the Netherlands, this study continues the avant la lettre use of the term ‘landscape garden’, and thereby perpetuates the confusion with the Brownian parks. In order to explain this, it is necessary to reassess the concepts from which the new

Lancelot Brown and the Notion of the Landscape Garden in the Netherlands: Illustrated with Het Loo Palace