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Various types of acoustic noise are produced during the operation of an MR system (Paley, M.N.J., et al., 2001; Shah, N.J., et al., 1997). Problems associated with acoustic noise for patients and healthcare professionals include annoyance, verbal communication difficulties, heightened anxiety, temporary hearing loss and, in extreme cases, the potential for permanent hearing impairment (Elliott, M.R., et al., 1999; Westman, J.C., J.R. Walters, 1981) Acoustic noise may pose a particular problem to specific patient groups (Stansfield, S.A., 1992; Quirk, M.E., et al., 1989) For example, patients with psychiatric disorders may become confused or suffer from increased anxiety (Stansfield, S.A., 1992) because of exposure to loud noise. Sedated patients may experience discomfort in association with high noise levels. In addition, neonates may have adverse reactions to acoustic noise. Reeves MJ, et al. (2010), conducted a study to address this issue, the findings suggested that exposure of the fetus to 1.5-T MRI during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy is not associated with an increased risk of substantial neonatal hearing impairment or cochlear injury. The human ear is a highly sensitive wide-band receiver, with the typical frequency range for normal hearing being between 20-Hz to 20,000-Hz (Cowan, J.P., 1994; Talbott, E., S.J. Thompson, 1995). The ear does not tend to judge sound powers in absolute terms, but assesses how much greater one power is than another. Noise is defined in terms of frequency spectrum (in Hz), intensity (in dB), and time duration. (Cowan, J.P., 1994; Talbott, E., S.J. Thompson, 1995). Noise can be steady-state, intermittent, impulsive, or explosive. Transient hearing loss may occur following exposure to loud noise, resulting in a , reported temporary shifts in hearing thresholds in 43% of the patients scanned without ear protection or with improperly fitted earplugs. Recovery from the effects of noise occurs in a relatively short period of time. However, if the noise insult is particularly severe, full recovery can take up to several weeks. If the noise is sufficiently injurious, a permanent threshold shift at specific frequencies may occur. The logarithmic decibel scale, dB, is used when referring to sound power. The gradient magnetic field is the main source of acoustic noise associated with an MR procedure. This noise occurs during the rapid alterations of currents within the gradient coils. These currents, in the presence of the strong static magnetic field of the MR system, produce significant (Lorentz) forces (Bowtell, R.W., P.M. Mansfield, 1995) that act upon the gradient coils. Abstract

Some Biophysical Studies on the Effects of Sounds Emitted from Magnetic Resonance Imaging System: Using Mice as an Experimental Model